The Role of AI in Advancing Sustainable Carbon Capture and Storage

AI-enhanced carbon capture facility with renewable energy backdrop.

Understanding Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an essential technology aimed at reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial and energy-related sources. It involves capturing CO2 emissions before they enter the atmosphere, transporting it, and securely storing it underground. This process is crucial for mitigating the impact of climate change and achieving global sustainability goals. Understanding the intricacies of CCS is fundamental to appreciating how AI can enhance its efficiency and effectiveness.

CCS technology is composed of three main stages: capture, transport, and storage. Each stage presents unique challenges and opportunities for optimization, where AI can play a transformative role. The capture stage involves extracting CO2 from various sources such as power plants or industrial facilities. This is typically achieved through pre-combustion, post-combustion, or oxy-fuel combustion methods. The captured CO2 is then compressed and transported, often via pipelines, to designated storage sites. Finally, the storage stage involves injecting the CO2 into deep geological formations, ensuring it remains trapped over long periods.

  • Capture: Utilizes advanced chemical processes to isolate CO2 from emissions.
  • Transport: Involves moving compressed CO2 to storage locations.
  • Storage: Secures CO2 in geological formations such as depleted oil fields or saline aquifers.

To illustrate the current state and potential of CCS, the table below outlines key data related to global CCS projects:

Project Name Location CO2 Capture Capacity (Million Tons/Year) Status
Project A USA 5 Operational
Project B Norway 1.7 Planned
Project C Australia 3.4 Operational

Understanding these foundational aspects of CCS sets the stage for discussing how AI can be leveraged to address its challenges. AI technologies offer innovative solutions to improve the accuracy of CO2 monitoring, enhance the efficiency of capture processes, optimize transportation routes, and ensure the integrity of storage sites. As such, AI not only advances the capabilities of CCS but also significantly contributes to the broader goal of sustainable environmental management.

Current Challenges in Carbon Capture

The field of carbon capture and storage (CCS) faces numerous challenges that hinder its widespread adoption and efficiency. One of the primary obstacles is the high cost associated with the capture processes. The energy-intensive nature of current carbon capture technologies often results in increased operational costs, making it economically unfeasible for many industries. Innovative solutions are necessary to reduce these costs and improve the economic viability of CCS.

Another significant challenge is the limited efficiency of existing capture methods. Many current technologies are unable to capture the desired percentage of carbon emissions, leading to less effective reduction efforts. Furthermore, the integration of carbon capture systems within existing industrial processes can be complex, requiring substantial modifications and investments. This complexity often leads to resistance from industries that are already grappling with tight margins and regulatory pressures.

Environmental concerns also play a critical role in the challenges faced by carbon capture initiatives. There is an ongoing debate about the long-term impacts of storing captured carbon underground. Potential risks such as leaks or seismic activities pose significant threats to both the environment and local communities. Therefore, ensuring the safety and reliability of storage solutions remains a key concern that must be addressed to gain public trust and support.

Furthermore, regulatory and policy barriers can inhibit the development and deployment of CCS technologies. Inconsistent policies and a lack of clear incentives for carbon capture can deter investment and innovation in this field. Addressing these policy challenges is crucial to foster a supportive environment that encourages research and development in CCS technologies.

Challenge Description
High Costs Energy-intensive processes increase operational expenses.
Limited Efficiency Inability to capture sufficient carbon emissions effectively.
Environmental Risks Potential leaks and seismic activities pose safety concerns.
Regulatory Barriers Lack of consistent policies and incentives for CCS adoption.

AI Innovations in Carbon Sequestration

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing a pivotal role in enhancing carbon sequestration methods, offering innovative solutions to complex challenges. By leveraging sophisticated algorithms and machine learning models, AI is optimizing the identification and assessment of potential carbon storage sites. These advanced technologies help in analyzing geological data to ensure safe and effective carbon dioxide (CO2) storage, minimizing risks associated with leakage and environmental impact.

One of the key innovations in this field is the use of AI-driven simulations to predict the behavior of CO2 once injected into underground reservoirs. Traditional methods of monitoring and verification are often costly and time-consuming. However, AI offers real-time data processing capabilities, allowing for more efficient and accurate predictions. This not only enhances the safety protocols but also optimizes the overall cost-effectiveness of carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects.

Moreover, AI innovations facilitate better decision-making through comprehensive data analysis and visualization tools. These tools allow stakeholders to visualize complex data sets in an accessible format, enabling more informed decisions regarding site selection and management. For instance, AI algorithms can integrate various data sources to create detailed 3D models of potential storage sites, highlighting critical factors such as porosity and permeability.

To summarize the advantages of AI in carbon sequestration, consider the following benefits:

  • Enhanced Site Selection: AI helps in identifying the most suitable geological formations for CO2 storage.
  • Improved Monitoring: Continuous AI monitoring ensures the integrity of storage sites, reducing the risk of leaks.
  • Cost Efficiency: AI reduces the time and resources required for data analysis and site management.
  • Data-Driven Decisions: AI tools provide valuable insights, facilitating informed decision-making processes.

Sustainable AI-Driven Solutions

Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an increasingly pivotal role in enhancing the sustainability of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. By leveraging advanced algorithms and data analytics, AI-driven solutions optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of carbon capture processes, thereby reducing the overall carbon footprint. AI systems can analyze vast amounts of data from various sources, providing valuable insights into the most efficient methods of capturing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes.

One of the key sustainable solutions offered by AI is the optimization of energy consumption during the carbon capture phase. AI algorithms can predict the energy requirements of different capture methods and adjust parameters in real-time to minimize energy usage. This not only reduces operational costs but also enhances the overall sustainability of the CCS process. Additionally, AI-driven predictive maintenance systems help in identifying potential equipment failures before they occur, further reducing downtime and maintaining the efficiency of the carbon capture systems.

Moreover, AI facilitates the development of new materials and technologies for carbon capture. By utilizing machine learning models, researchers can simulate and evaluate the performance of various materials in capturing carbon dioxide. This accelerates the discovery of more effective and sustainable materials. AI also aids in the design of innovative storage solutions, ensuring that captured carbon is stored safely and efficiently. These advancements are crucial in meeting global carbon reduction targets and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

The integration of AI in CCS is further exemplified by its role in monitoring and verification processes. AI-powered sensors and data analytics tools provide real-time monitoring of carbon storage sites, ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and safety standards. This level of oversight is essential in preventing leakages and ensuring the long-term sustainability of carbon storage solutions. AI’s ability to process and interpret complex datasets enhances the transparency and reliability of CCS operations, making them more attractive to stakeholders and investors.

Machine Learning for Predictive Modeling

Machine learning stands at the forefront of revolutionizing predictive modeling in carbon capture and storage (CCS). By leveraging vast datasets, AI algorithms can predict carbon capture efficiency, optimize storage capacity, and forecast potential leakages. Predictive modeling is crucial for enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of CCS technologies, ensuring they meet environmental sustainability goals.

One significant advantage of machine learning is its ability to process and analyze large volumes of data at unprecedented speeds. This capability is vital for identifying patterns and trends that traditional methods might overlook. For instance, neural networks can simulate the complex interactions within carbon storage sites, providing insights into the geological and chemical processes involved. These insights allow scientists and engineers to make informed decisions about site selection and monitoring strategies.

Furthermore, machine learning models can be trained to recognize anomalies in storage systems, acting as an early warning system for potential issues. This proactive approach minimizes risks associated with carbon leakage, a critical concern in CCS. By incorporating real-time data from sensors, these models can continuously update and refine their predictions, leading to more robust and reliable CCS operations.

To illustrate the impact of machine learning in predictive modeling, consider the following table showcasing key metrics improved by AI integration:

Metric Improvement with AI
Carbon Capture Efficiency 15% Increase
Storage Capacity Utilization 20% Optimization
Leakage Detection Accuracy 30% Higher Accuracy

AI and Enhanced Monitoring Techniques

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies is revolutionizing how we monitor and manage carbon emissions. AI-driven monitoring techniques offer unprecedented accuracy and efficiency, ensuring that carbon storage sites are both safe and effective. These advancements are crucial in addressing the environmental challenges posed by greenhouse gases. By leveraging AI, we can develop sophisticated models that predict potential leakages and optimize storage capacity, significantly reducing the risks associated with traditional monitoring methods.

AI enhances monitoring techniques through the use of machine learning algorithms and big data analytics. These technologies enable the continuous analysis of vast amounts of data collected from carbon storage sites. For instance, AI can process seismic data to detect subtle changes in underground formations, providing early warnings of potential issues. Additionally, AI algorithms can analyze real-time data from sensors to monitor pressure and temperature levels, ensuring the integrity of the storage sites. This proactive approach not only enhances safety but also improves the efficiency of carbon capture processes.

Moreover, AI-powered systems facilitate the integration of diverse data sources, offering a comprehensive view of the carbon storage environment. This holistic approach allows for the implementation of adaptive management strategies. The following table illustrates the key benefits of AI-enhanced monitoring techniques:

Benefit Description
Improved Accuracy AI algorithms provide precise data analysis, reducing false positives and negatives in monitoring results.
Real-time Monitoring Continuous data collection and analysis allow for immediate detection of anomalies.
Cost Efficiency Automated processes reduce the need for extensive manual monitoring, lowering operational costs.
Predictive Maintenance AI systems predict potential failures, enabling preemptive measures to avoid costly repairs.

In summary, the application of AI in enhanced monitoring techniques presents a transformative opportunity for sustainable carbon capture and storage. By harnessing the power of AI, we can ensure that CCS technologies are not only effective but also operate with the highest standards of safety and efficiency. As AI continues to evolve, its role in monitoring and optimizing carbon capture and storage will undoubtedly become more pivotal in our fight against climate change.

Optimizing Storage with AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the way we approach carbon storage, offering innovative solutions to enhance efficiency and sustainability. By leveraging AI’s advanced data processing capabilities, industries can optimize storage processes, ensuring maximum carbon retention while minimizing environmental impact. One of the primary challenges in carbon storage is identifying suitable geological sites. AI addresses this challenge by analyzing vast datasets to predict the suitability of potential storage sites, taking into account factors such as rock permeability and existing geological structures.

AI-driven models are also instrumental in monitoring stored carbon dioxide (CO2), mitigating risks associated with leakage. These models utilize real-time data from sensors placed at storage sites, providing continuous monitoring and immediate feedback. This capability allows for quick detection of anomalies and prompt corrective actions, thereby enhancing the safety and reliability of carbon storage facilities. Furthermore, AI can simulate various scenarios to predict future storage performance, aiding in strategic planning and decision-making.

In terms of process optimization, AI algorithms can enhance the efficiency of CO2 injection into storage sites. By analyzing historical data, these algorithms can determine the optimal pressure and rate for injection, reducing the energy consumption and cost associated with the process. Moreover, AI facilitates improved resource management by predicting maintenance needs and preventing equipment failures. This proactive approach not only reduces downtime but also extends the lifespan of storage infrastructure.

Consider the following data visualizations that illustrate AI’s impact on storage optimization:

Parameter Traditional Methods AI-Optimized Methods
Site Suitability Prediction 60% accuracy 90% accuracy
Risk of Leakage High Low
Energy Consumption for Injection Standard Reduced by 20%

Integrating AI with Renewable Energy Sources

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with renewable energy sources is revolutionizing the way carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems operate. By harnessing the power of AI, these systems can more efficiently manage and optimize the capture of carbon emissions from various renewable sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. This synergy not only enhances the sustainability of CCS efforts but also ensures a more reliable and consistent energy supply, promoting a cleaner environment.

AI-driven algorithms play a crucial role in predicting energy outputs from renewable sources, which are inherently variable due to weather and other environmental factors. These algorithms can analyze historical data and real-time conditions to forecast energy generation, enabling better planning and optimization of CCS processes. For instance, during periods of high wind or intense sunlight, AI can predict increased energy output, allowing CCS systems to adjust their operations accordingly to maximize efficiency. The ability to anticipate and adapt to these fluctuations is vital for maintaining the balance between energy production and carbon capture.

Moreover, AI’s integration with renewable energy sources facilitates the creation of a more resilient and adaptive energy grid. By employing machine learning techniques, AI systems can dynamically adjust the operation of CCS facilities, ensuring they are always running at peak efficiency. This adaptive approach minimizes energy waste and reduces operational costs, making carbon capture more economically viable. Additionally, AI can identify patterns and anomalies in energy consumption and production, allowing for proactive maintenance and reducing the risk of system failures.

Incorporating AI into renewable energy-driven CCS systems also opens the door to innovative solutions for carbon utilization. For example, AI can optimize the conversion of captured carbon into valuable byproducts, such as biofuels or building materials, thus closing the loop and enhancing the overall sustainability of the carbon management process. By leveraging AI, the integration with renewable energy sources not only advances the effectiveness of carbon capture but also contributes significantly to a circular economy.

AI in Policy and Regulation

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing a pivotal role in shaping the policy and regulatory landscape for sustainable carbon capture and storage (CCS). By providing advanced data analytics and predictive modeling, AI aids policymakers in understanding the complex dynamics of carbon emissions and the potential impacts of various regulatory frameworks. AI-driven insights can help in crafting policies that are not only effective but also adaptive to the rapidly changing environmental conditions. This allows for a more proactive approach to sustainability, ensuring that regulations are both stringent and flexible enough to accommodate technological advancements.

One of the key contributions of AI in policy-making is its ability to process vast amounts of environmental data. Through machine learning algorithms, AI systems can identify patterns and trends that might not be immediately apparent to human analysts. This capability is crucial for developing regulations that are based on empirical evidence and can predict future scenarios. For instance, AI can simulate the outcomes of different regulatory scenarios, helping policymakers to choose the most effective strategies for reducing carbon emissions. This data-driven approach ensures that policies are not only reactive but also preventive, addressing potential challenges before they escalate.

Furthermore, AI can enhance regulatory compliance and enforcement through real-time monitoring and reporting systems. By integrating AI with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, regulators can gain continuous insights into the performance of CCS technologies. This integration allows for the automatic detection of compliance breaches, providing regulators with the necessary tools to enforce policies more effectively. This not only improves compliance rates but also reduces the administrative burden on regulatory bodies, allowing them to focus on strategic policy development rather than routine enforcement tasks.

In summary, AI’s role in policy and regulation for sustainable CCS is multifaceted, involving data analysis, predictive modeling, and compliance monitoring. These contributions are essential for creating a regulatory environment that supports innovation while ensuring environmental sustainability. As AI technology continues to evolve, its influence on policy and regulation is likely to increase, paving the way for more effective and efficient carbon capture and storage solutions.

Economic Impacts of AI in Carbon Capture

The integration of artificial intelligence in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies presents significant economic advantages that can drive industry growth and contribute to sustainable practices. By optimizing the efficiency of carbon capture processes, AI reduces operational costs, making these technologies more accessible to a broader range of industries. AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns and predict the most effective methods for carbon sequestration, minimizing the need for expensive trial-and-error approaches.

Cost Reduction and Efficiency are primary economic benefits that AI brings to carbon capture. Through machine learning models, AI can optimize the energy consumption of CCS facilities, which is often one of the most significant expenses. For instance, AI can predict and adjust the operation of machinery to align with periods of lower energy costs. Additionally, AI-driven predictive maintenance can foresee equipment failures before they occur, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.

Market Expansion is another economic impact facilitated by AI. As cost barriers are lowered, more companies can invest in CCS technologies, leading to a broader adoption across industries. This expansion not only enhances the global carbon reduction efforts but also stimulates economic growth by creating new markets and job opportunities in the AI and CCS sectors. Furthermore, enhanced efficiency and reduced costs can make carbon capture solutions more appealing to government bodies and industries looking to meet regulatory requirements and sustainability goals.

The use of AI in carbon capture also encourages innovation and competition within the market. As companies strive to develop AI-driven solutions, there is a rise in research and development investments, leading to technological advancements. These innovations can further reduce costs and improve the effectiveness of carbon capture methods, reinforcing a cycle of economic growth and environmental sustainability. Below is a table summarizing the key economic impacts:

Economic Impact Description
Cost Reduction AI optimizes energy use and maintenance, lowering operational costs.
Market Expansion Lower costs lead to broader industry adoption and new markets.
Innovation and Competition Increased R&D investments drive technological advancements.

AI and Public Perception

The integration of artificial intelligence in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies has sparked diverse public perceptions, which significantly influence its adoption and implementation. Public perception plays a crucial role in shaping policy decisions and investment trends in this sector. On one hand, AI is seen as a powerful tool that can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of CCS by optimizing operations and reducing costs. This optimistic view is supported by recent studies indicating that AI-driven models can improve carbon capture rates by up to 20%, thereby significantly contributing to sustainability goals.

However, there are also concerns regarding the transparency and ethical implications of AI usage in CCS. Some stakeholders worry that the reliance on AI could lead to a lack of accountability and oversight, especially in scenarios where AI systems make autonomous decisions. Public mistrust is further exacerbated by potential data privacy issues, as AI systems require vast amounts of data to function optimally. To address these concerns, it is essential for developers and policymakers to ensure transparency in AI operations and establish clear guidelines for ethical AI deployment.

To better understand public sentiment, a recent survey was conducted, illustrating varying opinions on AI in CCS:

Perception Percentage
Supportive 45%
Neutral 30%
Concerned 25%

To foster a more informed public perception, it is crucial to engage in educational initiatives that highlight both the benefits and risks of AI in CCS. This can include public seminars, informational campaigns, and collaborations with environmental groups to promote a balanced understanding. By addressing public concerns and demonstrating the tangible benefits of AI in advancing sustainable carbon capture and storage, stakeholders can build trust and encourage wider acceptance and support for these technologies.

Future Trends in AI and Carbon Capture

As we look towards the future, the integration of AI in carbon capture and storage (CCS) is expected to revolutionize the industry with unprecedented efficiency and innovation. AI technologies are anticipated to enhance the precision of carbon capture processes, enabling facilities to operate with greater accuracy and reduced emissions. By employing advanced algorithms and machine learning models, AI can predict and optimize the capture of carbon dioxide, tailoring solutions to specific environmental conditions and industrial requirements.

One significant trend is the development of smart sensors that utilize AI to monitor and adjust CCS systems in real-time. These sensors can collect vast amounts of data on various environmental parameters and operational metrics, which AI systems analyze to improve carbon capture rates. The use of AI in predictive maintenance is also gaining traction, as it can foresee potential system failures and suggest timely interventions, thus reducing downtime and maintenance costs.

In terms of future applications, AI is set to play a critical role in enhancing the scalability of CCS technologies. Emerging AI solutions will facilitate the integration of CCS with renewable energy sources, making it more viable and cost-effective. This integration is crucial for achieving significant reductions in carbon emissions on a global scale. Furthermore, AI-driven analytics can identify optimal sites for carbon storage, considering geological, environmental, and economic factors, thus aiding in strategic decision-making for sustainable development.

The following table outlines potential future AI applications in carbon capture:

AI Application Potential Impact
Predictive Analytics Enhances efficiency by forecasting and optimizing capture rates
Smart Sensors Real-time monitoring and adjustment of CCS systems
Site Selection Identifies optimal carbon storage locations

Overall, the fusion of AI with carbon capture and storage technologies promises a future where emissions can be significantly curtailed, aligning with global sustainability goals. As AI continues to evolve, its applications in CCS are poised to become more sophisticated, driving innovation and efficiency in the pursuit of a cleaner and more sustainable planet.

Case Studies of AI-Driven Projects

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects is demonstrating significant potential to enhance sustainability and efficiency. Several pioneering projects worldwide are leveraging AI technologies to optimize the processes involved in capturing and storing carbon emissions. These case studies illustrate the practical applications and successes of AI-driven CCS initiatives.

One notable project is the collaboration between a leading energy company and a tech firm, which has implemented AI algorithms to monitor and optimize carbon capture operations in real-time. Through advanced data analytics, the project has achieved a 20% increase in capture efficiency, reducing operational costs and emissions significantly. The AI system analyzes a constant stream of data from sensors installed at various points in the CCS process, identifying patterns and anomalies that enable predictive maintenance and process adjustments.

  • Project A: AI-Enhanced Monitoring
    • Location: North America
    • Objective: Increase carbon capture efficiency
    • Outcome: 20% boost in efficiency
  • Project B: Predictive Maintenance
    • Location: Europe
    • Objective: Reduce downtime through AI
    • Outcome: 30% reduction in maintenance costs

Another innovative example is a project in Europe that employs AI for predictive maintenance in CCS facilities. By using machine learning models, the project predicts equipment failures before they occur, significantly reducing downtime and maintenance expenses by 30%. This proactive approach not only extends the lifespan of the equipment but also ensures uninterrupted operations, contributing to more reliable carbon storage solutions.

Project Name Location Objective Outcome
AI-Enhanced Monitoring North America Increase carbon capture efficiency 20% boost in efficiency
Predictive Maintenance Europe Reduce downtime through AI 30% reduction in maintenance costs

Ethical Considerations in AI Applications

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, ethical considerations emerge as a critical area of focus. The deployment of AI in CCS must address concerns related to data privacy, security, and the potential biases that may arise from algorithmic decision-making. Data privacy is a paramount concern, as AI systems rely on vast amounts of data to function effectively. Ensuring that personal and sensitive information is protected from misuse or unauthorized access is essential for maintaining public trust.

Another significant ethical issue is the transparency and accountability of AI systems. It is crucial that stakeholders understand how AI algorithms make decisions, especially when these decisions impact environmental outcomes and community well-being. Stakeholders must be equipped with the tools to audit and interpret AI processes, thereby fostering a culture of accountability. Additionally, addressing algorithmic bias is imperative, as biased AI systems could perpetuate existing inequalities or create new ones, particularly in communities disproportionately affected by environmental challenges.

To navigate these ethical challenges, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. This includes the development of robust regulatory frameworks and guidelines that prioritize ethical considerations in AI deployment. By fostering collaboration between governments, industry leaders, and ethical committees, a comprehensive strategy can be established to ensure that AI applications in CCS are developed and implemented responsibly. Moreover, continuous monitoring and evaluation of AI systems can help identify potential ethical issues early on, enabling timely interventions.

Furthermore, public engagement and education play a vital role in addressing ethical concerns. By involving diverse communities in the conversation about AI in CCS, it is possible to ensure that the technology serves the broader societal good. Engaging citizens in discussions about the benefits and risks associated with AI can lead to more informed decision-making and increased public trust. Ultimately, by considering these ethical dimensions, AI can be harnessed to its full potential in advancing sustainable carbon capture and storage technologies.

Global Collaboration and AI

In recent years, global collaboration has become a cornerstone in advancing sustainable carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an instrumental role in this collaborative effort, offering tools and solutions that enhance international cooperation. By leveraging AI, countries and organizations can share data, optimize resources, and develop unified strategies to tackle carbon emissions more effectively. The integration of AI into CCS initiatives has facilitated the exchange of best practices and innovative technologies on a global scale, thus accelerating the pace of sustainable development.

AI-driven platforms are transforming the way data is shared and analyzed across borders. These platforms allow for real-time data exchange and collaborative research, which are crucial for the effective implementation of CCS projects worldwide. For instance, AI algorithms can analyze large datasets from various countries to identify patterns and trends in carbon emissions, enabling more accurate forecasting and strategy development. This capability is vital for countries with limited resources, as it provides access to cutting-edge technology without the need for significant investment.

Furthermore, global partnerships are being strengthened through AI-enabled communication tools that facilitate seamless collaboration among international teams. These tools not only bridge geographical gaps but also enhance cultural understanding and cooperation. The use of AI in virtual meetings, project management, and decision-making processes has proven to be invaluable in aligning global efforts towards a common goal. As a result, AI is not just a technological advancement but a catalyst for fostering international unity in the fight against climate change.

Country AI-Driven CCS Projects CO2 Reduction Potential (MtCO2/year)
United States 15 45
China 10 50
European Union 12 40
India 8 30

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